LES ACTIVITÉS NUCLÉAIRES : RAYONNEMENTS IONISANTS ET RISQUES POUR LA SANTÉ ET L’ENVIRONNEMENT In France, the organisation of the regulation and oversight of nuclear safety and radiation protection is structured around a number of different players, primarily Parliament, the Government and the French Authority for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ASNR). It fulfils the requirements and principles defined at international level by institutions of which ASNR is an active member. ASNR is responsible, on behalf of the State, for monitoring nuclear safety and radiation protection at national and local level, in order to protect people and the environment against the risks associated with exposure to ionising radiation, whether natural or man-made. ASNR has had the status of an independent administrative Authority since 2006, in accordance with Act 2006-686 of 13 June 2006 on nuclear transparency and safety. A new milestone was reached on 1 January 2025 with the establishment of the Authority for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ASNR), under Act 2024-450 of 21 May 2024 on the organisation of nuclear safety and radiation protection governance, in order to address the challenges of the nuclear industry's renewal. ASNR unites the missions and skills of the Authority for Nuclear Safety (ASN), created in 2006, and virtually all those of the Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), created in 2001. On behalf of the State, ASNR monitors civil nuclear activities and radiation protection, and carries out research, expert appraisal, training and public information missions in the fields of nuclear safety and radiation protection. It plays a part in promoting transparency in France and reports on its activities to Parliament. ASNR works closely with other institutions, in particular in the medical field and on consultation and dialogue initiatives. 1 – The oversight stakeholders The regulation of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France depends essentially on three players: Parliament, the Government and ASNR. 1.1 An international framework The organisation of the regulation and oversight of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France is compliant with the requirements of Article 7 of the Convention on Nuclear Safety of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which requires that “Each Contracting Party shall establish and maintain a legislative and regulatory framework to govern the safety of nuclear installations.” and Article 8 of which requires that each Member State “shall establish or designate a regulatory body entrusted with the implementation of the legislative and regulatory framework referred to in Article 7 and provided with adequate authority, competence and financial and human resources to fulfil its assigned responsibilities” and […] “shall take the appropriate steps to ensure an effective separation between the functions of the regulatory body and those of any other body or organisation concerned with the promotion or utilisation of nuclear energy”. These provisions were confirmed by European Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom of 25 June 2009 concerning Nuclear Safety, the provisions of which were in turn reinforced by the amending Directive of 8 July 2014. The legal framework for radiation protection is based on norms, standards and recommendations drawn up by various international organisations. ASNR participates in numerous international bodies to contribute to the development and harmonisation of nuclear safety and radiation protection standards. Among these various international organisations, the following are particularly worth mentioning: ∙the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), a non-governmental organisation made up of international experts from various disciplines, which publishes recommendations on the protection of workers, the general public and patients against ionising radiation, based on an analysis of available scientific and technical knowledge, in particular that published by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR); ∙the IAEA, which publishes and regularly revises “standards” in the fields of nuclear safety and radiation protection; ∙the International Standards Organisation (ISO), which publishes international technical standards in the field of radiation protection; at European level, the EURATOM Treaty lays down the procedures for drawing up Community provisions on protection against ionising radiation and specifies the powers and obligations of the European Commission with regard to their application. At national level, radiation protection and its organisation are governed by the provisions of the Labour Code and the Public Health Code. 122 ASNR Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2025
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