LES ACTIVITÉS NUCLÉAIRES : RAYONNEMENTS IONISANTS ET RISQUES POUR LA SANTÉ ET L’ENVIRONNEMENT discharges are well monitored. In particular, this monitoring made it possible to proactively prevent any exceedances, thereby ensuring compliance with the authorised limits. Lastly, national action plans are put into place by the licensees of the two major French radiopharmaceutical production groups and are reviewed annually by ASNR to ensure continuous improvement of radiation protection and safety in these facilities. Three ESRs were reported by the cyclotron licensees in 2025. None of these events led to significant exposure of workers or the public. The first ESR concerned the internal exposure of two workers with carbon-11 during the maintenance of a radiosynthesis machine. There were no consequences for the workers, who nevertheless received appropriate medical care and assessment. Measures have been put in place to better plan for the involvement of outside contractors. The second ESR related to the failure of a probe measuring gaseous emissions, with the risk of exceeding the internal level set by the operator for monitoring its daily emissions. The faulty probe was replaced and the calculation of cumulative emissions over the period of the probe’s failure showed compliance with the authorised limit for gaseous emissions over a sliding 12-month period. The latest ESR concerns a problem with a broken target. The target in question was replaced and remedial maintenance work was also carried out on the cyclotron, which had broken down shortly before. There was no significant gaseous release into the atmosphere and staff were not exposed to any abnormal levels of ionising radiation. The checks carried out after the incident concluded that the facility was back to normal operation. However, there are disparities in the technical and organisational means implemented by the licensees, depending on the age of the facilities and the type of activities performed (research or industrial production). OEF in this area has led ASNR to draw up a draft resolution on the technical design and operating rules applicable to facilities producing radionuclides using a cyclotron and on the control and monitoring of their gaseous effluent discharges. The draft resolution has already undergone several informal consultations with the stakeholders and discussions with the DGT; its preparation is continuing in order to create a single regulatory baseline for the whole sector concerned. The main conclusions of this regulatory work are already being used when examining licence applications for these facilities in order to include appropriate requirements in the individual licences. The conclusions resulting from the considerations on the wording of the atmospheric discharge limit values will also be included. 4.3 The other suppliers of sources Evaluation of the radiation protection situation Suppliers of radioactive sources, cyclotrons excluded, propose technical solutions for the industrial, medical and research sectors. Suppliers may be manufacturers of “bare” sources or of devices containing sealed radioactive sources, manufacturers of unsealed sources, or distributors who import sources from other countries. Whatever the case, ASNR reviews the licence applications for the sources these suppliers wish to distribute in France. In 2025, 29 inspections were carried out at the manufacturers/ suppliers of radioactive sources or sources emitting ionising radiation, 22 of which were inspections of facilities other than cyclotrons and cyclotron transfer lines. These inspections were carried out at manufacturers/distributors of sealed and unsealed radioactive sources, and companies manufacturing, installing, or maintaining electrical generators of ionising radiation or particle accelerators (although they are not yet subject to a distribution authorisation, these devices are subject to utilisation regulations, including in particular the commissioning or maintenance operations carried out by the companies that sell them). Two inspections were carried out on a foreign company distributing radioactive sources or electrical equipment emitting ionising radiation in France. Semi-cylindrical D-shaped hollow electrodes Magnetic field generated by two electromagnets Progressively accelerated particles Electric field AC voltage generator Beam extraction channel Isotopes transferred and then used in shielded cells Target in which the isotopes are generated Source of electrically charged particles Electromagnet Semi-cylindrical hollow electrode Simplified diagram of the operation of a cyclotron 258 ASNR Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2025
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