LES ACTIVITÉS NUCLÉAIRES : RAYONNEMENTS IONISANTS ET RISQUES POUR LA SANTÉ ET L’ENVIRONNEMENT 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 2024 2025 2023 2022 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2010 257 435 531 534 497 553 559 532 592 617 642 655 827 898 619 564 GRAPH 13 Development of the number of annual ESR reports from 2010 to 2025 2.6 Human body product irradiators 2.6.1 – Description The irradiation of products from the human body is used in particular to prevent post-transfusion reactions in blood-transfusion patients. The blood bag is irradiated with a dose of about 20 to 25 Gy. Since 2009, irradiators with sources have been gradually replaced by X-ray generators which have been subject to notification to ASNR since 2015. In 2023, the installed base of irradiators comprises 135 devices equipped with X-ray generators. 2.6.2 – Technical rules applicable to facilities A blood product irradiator must be installed in a dedicated room designed to provide physical protection (against fire, flooding, break-in, etc.). Access to the device, which must have a lockable control console, is limited to the persons authorised to use it. The fitting out of premises accommodating irradiators equipped with X-ray generators must comply with the provisions of ASN resolution 2017-DC-0591 of 13 June 2017. 2.7 Significant radiation protection events Growing steadily since 2022, the number of ESRs in the medical field in 2025 is 898, representing an increase of more than 9% compared with 2024 (827 – see Graph 13). As in 2024, this significant increase is mainly driven by the number of notifications in nuclear medicine and CT scanning, as well as by the rise in the number of ESRs in radiotherapy (+14%). ASNR reiterates the importance of notifying ESRs in order to establish shared OEF and improve radiation protection. Graph 14 illustrates how the number of ESRs has evolved by activity category since 2010. Graphs 15 and 16 illustrate the breakdown of the number of ESRs in 2025 by area of exposure (environmental impact, exposure of the general public, exposure of patients, occupational exposure) and by category of medical activity compared with the average number of ESRs over the preceding ten years. Graph 15 shows that the number of ESRs concerning the medical professionals or the environment has remained stable while the number of ESRs concerning patients has risen. The number of ESRs notified since 2010 has followed an upward trend in conventional radiology and CT scanning, and even more markedly in nuclear medicine, where it has almost tripled over the past ten years. At the same time, following a sharp increase this year (+53%), the number of ESRs in fluoroscopy-guided interventional practices doubled. This is the second year in a row that the number of ESRs in nuclear medicine has been almost equivalent to the number of ESRs in scanning. The number of ESRs notified in 2025 for external radiotherapy is higher than in 2024. By contrast, the number of ESRs notified in conventional radiology remained stable at around 100 in 2025. According to the notifying party, many significant events have a human factor at their origin, highlighting that cause analyses do not systematically investigate organisational causes. As a result, the training, the procedures, the working systems and the way in which they affect the performance of the personnel as regards decision making and execution of the security tasks and regulations are not sufficiently questioned. ASNR also notes that the relevance and effectiveness of the corrective actions defined after notifying an ESR to prevent its recurrence are not sufficiently assessed. The organisation of training and information sessions, reminders of instructions and the addition of check points are measures that are frequently mentioned in the OEF reports. Despite this, similar ESRs are still notified in some of these centres, indicating that the measures have not been sufficiently effective to prevent recurrence of the incidents. ASNR thus underlines the importance of taking account of the lessons learned from previous incidents, whether internal or external, and assessing the effectiveness of the corrective measures taken. ASNR also points out that the investigations must be conducted with a systemic approach, including the examination of the Human and Organisational Factors (HOFs) involved such as the training, the procedures, the work methods and the way in which they affect the performance of the personnel as regards decision making and execution of the main security tasks and regulations. This incident management approach should result in more effective corrective actions to prevent the recurrence of similar significant events in the future. ASNR Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2025 225 01 05 02 03 04 09 06 10 07 11 13 08 12 A / Z
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